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DNA Studies
NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) (USA)
The read sequences of 2 samples from the mummies Victoria and Maria have been integrated into the NCBI. The data are available to all researchers who wish to continue the studies without restrictions.
- Ancient0002: Victoria – neck bones
- Ancient0004: Victoria – hip muscle tissue
- Ancient0003: María – hand bones
Methodology
- The study used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to analyze DNA from tissue samples.
- Data was uploaded to the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine for comparison with known genomes.
Sample Analysis & Results
Specimen: "Victoria" (60 cm, or 2ft tridactyl type)
- Neck Bone Sample (WGS Ancient0002):
- 72.07% of the DNA reads were identified.
- 70.45% of these were from Homo sapiens (contaminants), with the remainder from bacteria and viruses.
- 27.93% of the sequences did not match known genomes.
- Muscle Tissue Sample (WGS Ancient0004):
- Only 36.28% of the sequences matched known organisms.
- 63.72% of the sequences did not match any known living beings.
- No mammalian DNA, including human, was found in the identified portion.
- Conclusions for Victoria:
- A large portion of the DNA remains unidentified.
- There is a greater than 90% probability that this organism is not human.
- There is a greater than 50% probability that this organism is unrelated to any known species.
Specimen: "María" (1.60 m, humanoid)
- Hand Bone Sample (WGS Ancient0003):
- 647,789,366 read sequences were obtained.
- 97.38% of these were identified; 2.62% remained unknown.
- 30.22% of the identified sequences matched Homo sapiens.
- 3.05% matched the genus Pan (Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus), suggesting a connection to chimpanzees or bonobos.
- The unidentified 2.62% may explain unique traits like tridactylism.
- Conclusions for María:
- María is likely a hybrid organism, potentially of a new species.
- The proposed scientific name is Homopan tridactyla.
- Haplogroup analysis (from Alaina Hardie’s research) suggests:
- Mitochondrial haplogroup M20a (linked to Myanmar populations).
- Y-chromosome haplogroup O2a1c1a6a2 (linked to Han Chinese populations).
Correlation with the Abraxas Biosystems Report (2018)
The Abraxas Biosystems report, conducted in 2018 and recently reviewed by Ricardo Rangel Martínez, provides valuable correlation with the findings from the 2023 analysis. Key points include:
- Confirmation of high human DNA content in "María" (Ancient0003), with 95.07% of reads mapped to the human genome, consistent with the 97.38% identified in the 2023 analysis.
- Confirmation of the M20 mitochondrial haplogroup and male sex for "María," aligning with the 2023 findings.
- For "Victoria," the report found that approximately 27% (Ancient0002) and 90% (Ancient0004) of reads could not be classified, supporting the conclusion of a high percentage of unidentified sequences.
- The use of advanced methods like DNA sketching and iterative filtering provides further evidence of the ancient nature of the DNA and the presence of novel organisms.
For more details, see the updated paper on ResearchGate.